Effect of demineralization and ball milling treatments on the properties of Arundo donax and olive stone-derived biochar

Abstract The structural and physio-chemical properties of biochar are crucial to determining biochar’s quality the adequate application. Specifically, large porosity has been known as a favorable feature, especially for environmental remediation. In this regard, physical chemical modifications have used improve which requires high-energy consumption involves agents. objective study was prepare with developed using mild treatments. Arundo donax olive stone were demineralized by water-washing method. Treated non-treated biomasses pyrolyzed, part derived samples subjected wet ball milling. Samples characterized proximate, Fourier transform infrared, particle size, physisorption analyses. effect demineralization depended on biomass type, ash reduction only influenced -derived biochar, attributed difference in initial content that relatively low stone. carbonization yield decreased 46% after demineralization. Moreover, expanded surface area total pore volume biochar. milling effective producing micro-sized particles mean size ranging between 30 ± 2 µ m 42 13 1 22 without demineralization, respectively. Ball increased non-demineralized 47% 124%. Additionally, 65% 62%. Graphical abstract